The Origin Of Species (1872) Charles Darwin   Chapter XI: On the Geological Succession of Organic Beings LET us now see whether the several facts and laws relating to the geological succession of organic beings accord best with the common view of the immutability of species, or with that of their slow and gradual modification, […]

The Origin Of Species (1872) Charles Darwin   Chapter X: On the Imperfection of the Geological Record IN THE sixth chapter I enumerated the chief objections which might be justly urged against the views maintained in this volume. Most of them have now been discussed. One, namely the distinctness of specific forms, and their not […]

The Origin Of Species (1872) Charles Darwin   Chapter I: Variation Under Domestication Causes of Variability WHEN we compare the individuals of the same variety or sub-variety of our older cultivated plants and animals, one of the first points which strikes us is, that they generally differ more from each other than do the individuals […]

The Origin Of Species Charles Darwin 1859 THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES by Charles Darwin 1859 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION WHEN on board H.M.S. Beagle as naturalist, I was much struck with certain facts in the distribution of the organic beings inhabiting South America, and in the geological relations of the present to the past inhabitants of that […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871 ] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Supplemental Note – On Sexual Selection in relation to monkeys Reprinted from NATURE, November 2, 1876, p. 18. IN the discussion on Sexual Selection in my Descent of Man, no case interested and perplexed me so much as the brightly-coloured […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871 ] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Introduction THE NATURE of the following work will be best understood by a brief account of how it came to be written. During many years I collected notes on the origin or descent of man, without any intention of publishing […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871 ] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Chapter XXI – General Summary and Conclusion A BRIEF summary will be sufficient to recall to the reader's mind the more salient points in this work. Many of the views which have been advanced are highly speculative, and some no […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871 ] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Chapter XX – Secondary Sexual Characters of Man- Continued WE have seen in the last chapter that with all barbarous races ornaments, dress, and external appearance are highly valued; and that the men judge of the beauty of their women […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871 ] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Part Three – Sexual Selection in Relation to Man and Conclusion Chapter XIX – Secondary Sexual Characters of Man WITH mankind the differences between the sexes are greater than in most of the Quadrumana, but not so great as in […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871 ] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Chapter XVIII – Secondary Sexual Characters of Mammals- Continued QUADRUPEDS use their voices for various purposes, as a signal of danger, as a call from one member of a troop to another, or from the mother to her lost offspring, […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871 ] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Chapter XVII – Secondary Sexual Characters of Mammals WITH mammals the male appears to win the female much more through the law of battle than through the display of his charms. The most timid animals, not provided with any special […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871 ] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Chapter XVI – Birds-Concluded WE must now consider the transmission of characters, as limited by age, in reference to sexual selection. The truth and importance of the principle of inheritance at corresponding ages need not here be discussed, as enough […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871 ] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Chapter XV – Birds- Continued WE have in this chapter to consider why the females of many birds have not acquired the same ornaments as the male; and why, on the other hand, both sexes of many other birds are […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871 ] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Chapter XIV – Birds- Continued WHEN the sexes differ in beauty or in the power of singing, or in producing what I have called instrumental music, it is almost invariably the male who surpasses the female. These qualities, as we […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871 ] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Chapter XIII – Secondary Sexual Characters of Birds SECONDARY sexual characters are more diversified and conspicuous in birds, though not perhaps entailing more important changes of structure, than in any other class of animals. I shall, therefore, treat the subject […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871 ] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Chapter XII Secondary Sexual Characteristics of Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles WE have now arrived at the great sub-kingdom of the Vertebrata, and will commence with the lowest class, that of fishes. The males of plagiostomous fishes (sharks, rays) and of […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Chapter XI – Insects, Continued – Order Lepidoptera. Butterflies and Moths IN this great Order the most interesting points for us are the differences in colour between the sexes of the same species, and between the distinct species of the same […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871 ] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Chapter X – Secondary Sexual Characters of Insects IN the immense class of insects the sexes sometimes differ in their locomotive-organs, and often in their sense-organs, as in the pectinated and beautifully plumose antennae of the males of many species. […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871 ] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Chapter IX – Secondary Sexual Characters in the Lower Classes of the Animal Kingdom WITH animals belonging to the lower classes, the two sexes are not rarely united in the same individual, and therefore secondary sexual characters cannot be developed. […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871 ] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Part Two – Sexual Selection Chapter VIII – Principles of Sexual Selection WITH animals which have their sexes separated, the males necessarily differ from the females in their organs of reproduction; and these are the primary sexual characters. But the […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871 ] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Chapter VII – On the Races of Man IT is not my intention here to describe the several so-called races of men; but I am about to enquire what is the value of the differences between them under a classificatory […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871 ] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Chapter VI – On the Affinities and Genealogy of Man EVEN if it be granted that the difference between man and his nearest allies is as great in corporeal structure as some naturalists maintain, and although we must grant that […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871 ] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Chapter V – On the Development of the Intellectual and Moral Faculties THE subjects to be discussed in this chapter are of the highest interest, but are treated by me in an imperfect and fragmentary manner. Mr. Wallace, in an […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871 ] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Chapter IV – Comparison of the Mental Powers of Man and the Lower Animals (continued) I FULLY subscribe to the judgment of those writers* who maintain that of all the differences between man and the lower animals, the moral sense […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871 ] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Chapter III – Comparison of the Mental Powers of Man and the Lower Animals WE HAVE seen in the last two chapters that man bears in his bodily structure clear traces of his descent from some lower form; but it […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871 ] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Chapter II – On the Manner of Development of Man from some Lower Form IT is manifest that man is now subject to much variability. No two individuals of the same race are quite alike. We may compare millions of […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Part One: Descent or Origin of Man Chapter I – The Evidence of the Descent of Man from some Lower Form HE WHO wishes to decide whether man is the modified descendant of some pre-existing form, would probably first enquire whether […]

The Descent Of Man Charles Darwin 1871 THE DESCENT OF MAN by Charles Darwin INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION. THE NATURE of the following work will be best understood by a brief account of how it came to be written. During many years I collected notes on the origin or descent of man, without any intention of publishing […]

Who Was Jesus Christ? Charles Bradlaugh MANY persons will consider the question one to which the Gospels give a sufficient answer and that no further inquiry is necessary. But while the general Christian body affirm that Jesus was God incarnate on earth, the Unitarian Christians, less in numerical strength but numbering a large proportion of […]

What Did Jesus Teach? Charles Bradlaugh THE language in which Jesus taught has not been preserved to us. Who recorded his actual words, or if any real record ever existed, is all matter of guess. Who translated the words of Jesus into the Greek no one knows. In the compass of four pamphlets, attributed to […]