Descent of Man [ 1871 ] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Chapter XII Secondary Sexual Characteristics of Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles WE have now arrived at the great sub-kingdom of the Vertebrata, and will commence with the lowest class, that of fishes. The males of plagiostomous fishes (sharks, rays) and of […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Chapter XI – Insects, Continued – Order Lepidoptera. Butterflies and Moths IN this great Order the most interesting points for us are the differences in colour between the sexes of the same species, and between the distinct species of the same […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871 ] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Chapter X – Secondary Sexual Characters of Insects IN the immense class of insects the sexes sometimes differ in their locomotive-organs, and often in their sense-organs, as in the pectinated and beautifully plumose antennae of the males of many species. […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871 ] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Chapter IX – Secondary Sexual Characters in the Lower Classes of the Animal Kingdom WITH animals belonging to the lower classes, the two sexes are not rarely united in the same individual, and therefore secondary sexual characters cannot be developed. […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871 ] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Part Two – Sexual Selection Chapter VIII – Principles of Sexual Selection WITH animals which have their sexes separated, the males necessarily differ from the females in their organs of reproduction; and these are the primary sexual characters. But the […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871 ] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Chapter VII – On the Races of Man IT is not my intention here to describe the several so-called races of men; but I am about to enquire what is the value of the differences between them under a classificatory […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871 ] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Chapter VI – On the Affinities and Genealogy of Man EVEN if it be granted that the difference between man and his nearest allies is as great in corporeal structure as some naturalists maintain, and although we must grant that […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871 ] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Chapter V – On the Development of the Intellectual and Moral Faculties THE subjects to be discussed in this chapter are of the highest interest, but are treated by me in an imperfect and fragmentary manner. Mr. Wallace, in an […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871 ] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Chapter IV – Comparison of the Mental Powers of Man and the Lower Animals (continued) I FULLY subscribe to the judgment of those writers* who maintain that of all the differences between man and the lower animals, the moral sense […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871 ] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Chapter III – Comparison of the Mental Powers of Man and the Lower Animals WE HAVE seen in the last two chapters that man bears in his bodily structure clear traces of his descent from some lower form; but it […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871 ] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Chapter II – On the Manner of Development of Man from some Lower Form IT is manifest that man is now subject to much variability. No two individuals of the same race are quite alike. We may compare millions of […]

  Descent of Man [ 1871] Charles Darwin [ 1809 – 1882 ]   Part One: Descent or Origin of Man Chapter I – The Evidence of the Descent of Man from some Lower Form HE WHO wishes to decide whether man is the modified descendant of some pre-existing form, would probably first enquire whether […]

The Descent Of Man Charles Darwin 1871 THE DESCENT OF MAN by Charles Darwin INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION. THE NATURE of the following work will be best understood by a brief account of how it came to be written. During many years I collected notes on the origin or descent of man, without any intention of publishing […]

Who Was Jesus Christ? Charles Bradlaugh MANY persons will consider the question one to which the Gospels give a sufficient answer and that no further inquiry is necessary. But while the general Christian body affirm that Jesus was God incarnate on earth, the Unitarian Christians, less in numerical strength but numbering a large proportion of […]

What Did Jesus Teach? Charles Bradlaugh THE language in which Jesus taught has not been preserved to us. Who recorded his actual words, or if any real record ever existed, is all matter of guess. Who translated the words of Jesus into the Greek no one knows. In the compass of four pamphlets, attributed to […]

By Mr. Roberts MR. ROBERTS has asked and obtained Mr. Bradlaugh’s consent to the publication of this review of the discussion at the end of the published report. He has also offered to print along with it any rejoinder Mr. Bradlaugh may choose to write, but Mr. Bradlaugh has not chosen to write a rejoinder. […]

IT is an unusual and unsatisfactory circumstance for a discussion to be divided up into two parts between two separate towns. The reader will naturally be curious to know, not only how the discussion came about, but also how it came to assume this extraordinary and inconvenient shape, from which, however, with the whole discussion […]

The CHAIRMAN: Mr. Roberts will now deliver his concluding speech for which he is to be allowed the full time. Mr. ROBERTS: And now, Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, we have reached the end of the discussion. It has not been so entirely satisfactory as might have been wished; but it has been as much […]

The CHAIRMAN: We have only one hour left. Let us listen with the utmost quietness. Mr. Roberts now speaks for a quarter of an hour. Mr. ROBERTS: I am surprised that Mr. Bradlaugh should insist on an English translation when the original is presented to him illustrative of a point referred to. When he asked […]

  THURSDAY, 22nd JUNE, 1876, IN THE TEMPERANCE HALL, BIRMINGHAM. THE CHAIR WAS OCCUPIED BY MR. GEORGE H. ST. CLAIR. THE CHAIRMAN: Ladies and gentlemen, this being the last night of the debate, time is of more consequence. I trust it is not necessary to make a single remark, and I shall sit down at […]

The CHAIRMAN: I had hoped, after the experience of our first meeting, that weakminded people who could not command their feelings would have stayed at home, and that egotistical people would have sent challenges of their own to the disputants against whose sentiments they wished to protest. The troublers are so much in the minority […]

Mr. BRADLAUGH: I have elected not to occupy your time beyond ten o’clock in allowing Mr. Roberts to proceed with his prepared speech, and shall, I think, be able to limit myself to eight minutes, if allowed to proceed free from interruption. First, I regret that Mr. Roberts, in his written finale, should have said […]

Mr. BRADLAUGH: Mr. Roberts says he never meant it to be understood that we were to be bound, in this debate, by the ordinary English version. But I will remind him that, in my first speech, I said I should assume, for the purposes of this debate, that he meant the ordinary authorised English version, […]

Mr. BRADLAUGH: On the first night of the debate, and again to-night, Mr. Roberts said he would contend that the prophecies of the Bible were so explicit, so sober and so useful in their character, being, in this respect, so unlike the vague, incoherent and irrational predictions of the Greek augurs, as of themselves to […]

Do you admit my definition of life as applied to man?–I don’t recollect what your definition was. Do you mean seriously to tell me that you have forgotten my definition of life last night?–Yes, but if you will repeat it, I will tell you whether I agree with it. Kindly tell me your ideas of […]

Mr. Roberts’ First Speech Mr. Bradlaugh’s Second Speech Mr. Roberts Questions Mr. Bradlaugh Mr. Bradlaugh Questions Mr. Roberts Mr. Roberts’ Second Speech Mr. Bradlaugh’s Second Speech Mr. Roberts’ Third Speech Mr. Bradlaugh’s Third Speech

Mr. ROBERTS: There are always two ways of looking at every case, and he pursues the best course who puts all the facts together harmoniously. I daresay I might appeal to the experience of every one as to mystery hanging over some particular incident, till one fact is ascertained which throws all the rest into […]

Mr. ROBERTS: You will have observed that Mr. Bradlaugh has not attempted to discuss the case of Moses from its internal peculiarities, upon which hangs a very powerful argument. I will not follow him in his remarks on what are called the Apostolic Fathers, because I do not attach any particular importance to them. I […]

WEDNESDAY, 21st JUNE, 1876, IN THE TEMPERANCE HALL, BIRMINGHAM. THE CHAIR WAS OCCUPIED BY MR. GEORGE H. ST. CLAIR The CHAIRMAN: You will be familiar by this time with the order of discussion, which is the same each evening. Last night, I think we were less interrupted than on the previous occasion, and I trust, […]

Mr. Bradlaugh, do you believe that the Jews are an ancient nation?–I believe they were an ancient race. Do you believe they have always accepted Moses as the writer of the works bearing his name?–I don’t think I have very clear evidence on the point. Some time ago an eminent Jew wrote a letter, and […]